Distinguish Between Sense Reference And Denotation Philosophy Essay

Recognize Sense Reference And Denotation Philosophy Essay People move their musings and thoughts to one another through language. The speakers of a language have a typical fundamental jargon, and offer the information on significance of a few words, in their psychological dictionary. The significance of an articulation can't be comprehended as the definitions found in a word reference passage; thus, etymologists propose elective methods of characterizing meaning. K. Nelson (1985) suggested that importance has three partners identifying with: reference, meaning and sense. A reference is the relationship between an articulation and the article it alludes to (the referent). Articulations alluding to a specific article or element on the planet are depicted as alluding articulations J.I Saeed (2003). Along these lines, young lady is a referent in: That young lady appears to be decent, which is an alluding articulation. Articles on the planet Reference, halfway relies upon the feeling of articulations. Sense shows a connection between the articulation and the item on the planet, according to a psychological portrayal. J.I Saeed (2003) depicts a psychological portrayal as a mind boggling and theoretical component relating a plan to the article on the planet (the idea). The connection between sense, the articulation and the referent was plot by C.K. Ogden and I.A Richards when they introduced the principal semiotic triangle in: The Meaning of Meaning (1923). In the significance triangle an articulation is thought to give access to a fundamental idea, which thusly alludes to an item on the planet (referent). This explains the presence of a connection between a word, a sense and its referent. Signifies A differentiation among reference and sense is made in: On Sense and Reference, G. Frege (1892), uncovering their nearby connection while it is additionally recommending that the feeling of a sign may change without modifying the referent. So as to portray how articulations alluding to a similar item may contrast in sense, Frege presents the articulations morning star and night star. Both allude to a similar item paying little mind to their various faculties. (Morning star= Venus at first light while Evening star= Venus at nightfall). Frege portrays the reference as the articulation having a real article comparing to it and the feeling of this articulation as the idea of the articulation. An articulation is said to extend its capacity to signify in light of the fact that it is related to an article, in the speakers mind. Consequently, reference and signification are firmly related. Alluding is the activity taken by the speaker in selecting objects on the planet while indicating is a property controlled by the articulation. A meaning is a consistent relationship in a language which is autonomous of word use; it isn't modified by time, in contrast to reference. Two significant speculations additionally explain the terms reference and signification, the two hypotheses feature the connection between a semantic articulation and a referent. The Denotational Theory portrays an immediate connection among articulations and items. The Representational Theory, then again, states that the connection between the words and items on the planet is intervened by our psychological model. To finish up, language is viewed as a methods for perceiving objects on the planet. Reference can't be the sole thought of the hypothesis of significance however our semantic information recommends that sense, reference and signification are indispensable for our comprehension. Speakers of a similar language see each other in light of the fact that they share a fundamental jargon while additionally comprehending what a specific articulation is meaning and alluding to. 4. Diagram the fundamental highlights of Prototype Theory and show how it contrasts from the old style perspective on ideas as vital and adequate conditions. Offer guides to help your response. As the years progressed, scholars, researchers and etymologists have considered how language attaches a word to a specific idea, while raising contentions about what makes an idea and what is the meaning of importance. One of the most striking hypotheses introduced during the 1970s was that of Eleanor Rosch and her associates. This hypothesis depends on the possibility of models, seeing ideas as developed with the goal of making a progressively run of the mill individual from a classification, yet in the end going astray into a less commonplace and hazier thought. For instance in the  Ã¢â‚¬ ºcolour⠁⠝ idea; red is an increasingly focal delegate, instead of fuchsia. E. Rosch and her colleagues continued their hypothesis by breaking down patterns found in the proof they acquired during their examinations; speakers made due with the more run of the mill individuals from a class of ideas. This exhibits how classifications are organized; a few individuals from an idea might be more prototypical than others, coming up short on a specific feeling of limit. Thus, if speakers are requested a case of  Ã¢â‚¬ ºfruit⠁⠝, they are relied upon to think of increasingly clear models, for example, apples, as opposed to plums. This occurs since the more plot thoughts, are the principal that ring a bell, in light of the fact that the speaker is increasingly used to these thoughts, and feels they are the more secure and progressively precise. Classifications are for the most part dependent on the speakers information and experience of this present reality. These classifications are found out thoughts, they are close to home thoughts (individual build) thus they are one-sided. Subsequently the dictionary (and calculated classes) will contrast as indicated by the people social foundation and culture. The Prototype Theory is now and then portrayed as a non-old style hypothesis on the grounds that, may differentiate the standards of the traditional view. The old style hypothesis recommended that an item could be accurately alluded to by a word in particular on the off chance that it has the right capabilities with respect to qualities that imply the importance of the articulation or the word. For instance, any sort of flying creature is a fledgling in particular on the off chance that it has plumes, has wings, flies and so forth. On the off chance that the fledgling doesn't have wings, at that point the name flying creature in deficient and doesn't have any significant bearing to the idea  Ã¢â‚¬ ºbird⠁⠝. Focal Concept Considering, the idea  Ã¢â‚¬ ºCat Ã‚ ; the principal thought that strikes a chord would be a little, whimpering, four-legged, textured creature, with a tail. Converging out into the fuzzier individuals from this class, would give not just enormous felines like panthers, lions and tigers, yet in addition Sphinx (furless felines) and Manx (tail less felines). In the event that the old style hypothesis was relevant to this classification, a Sphinx could never be viewed as a feline since it is furless, a Manx wouldnt be viewed as a feline either in light of the fact that it has no tail, and even tigers, panthers and lions, they would be declined in the feline classification for the explanation that they don't yowl, they thunder. Regardless of the way that the old style hypothesis was underestimated as right for a significant stretch of time, the advancement achieved by crafted by E. Rosch brought etymologists, scholars and researchers the same to a comprehend the multifaceted nature of the importance of an idea, and how it doesn't just rely upon the element it is attached to yet additionally to the individual path by which it is seen, a genuine achievement in intellectual language. How much would you expect individuals who communicate in various dialects to show major contrasts in the manner they think and see the world? Bolster your answer with models from one specific area, for example, that of shading terms or number words. The subject of whether thought varies by culture, because of language contrasts in societies has been astounding logicians for a significant stretch of time. Does the portrayal in human idea include a semantic component or does it involve mental pictures, autonomous of language? No steady end has ever been taken with respect to this circumstance however savants and language specialists the same have pointed their examinations and perceptions towards finding a more clear clarification. The Universalist perspective recommends that contemplation is independent from language, while the Realist see proposes that language mirrors culture (relativism) and it impacts the way we think (determinism). The last view proposes that social contrasts bring about various perspectives. Humbolt (nineteenth century rationalist) infers that; dialects venture alternate points of view on the world. Two of the most noticeable relativist scholars were Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf. E. Sapir recommended that language made piece of culture, and subsequently is a factor that impacts how a speaker thinks: We see and hear and in any case experience to a great extent as we do on the grounds that the language propensities for our locale incline certain decisions of translation. (Sapir, 1929). Whorf further proposed that culture attaches itself to language as well as identified with the manner in which thought is made, focusing on how syntax may make elective lines of thought (Whorf, 1956). Speakers of various dialects are relied upon to think in an unexpected way, this isn't just because of their social contrasts yet in addition because of their distinctive language and etymological capacities. In no way, shape or form does a more straightforward language make the speaker stupid, however not having words to portray an idea, may differentiate that increasingly perplexing language regarding expressivity. For instance, by what method can an individual believe that Christmas comes in December, without the words Christmas and December in his psychological vocabulary? The examination for the further comprehension of how language and thought relate should be possible by dissecting two speakers of various dialects and looking at the manner in which an article is seen concerning the jargon present inside the language of every speaker. Taking the center idea  Ã¢â‚¬ ºcolour⠁⠝ and expecting that everybody has the equivalent intellectual ability to see ideas; if a language (L1) neglects to give a word to the shading yellow; language does undoubtedly impact discernment, just if speakers of L1 will be not able to see the idea  Ã¢â‚¬ ºyellow⠁⠝. Berlin and Kay (1969) examined this connection between thought, culture and language by tack

Optic Radiation In Optic Neuritis Health And Social Care Essay

Theoretical. Optic neuritis ( ON ) is characterized as a redness of the visual nervus and gives an utile hypothetical record to breaking down the impacts of provocative demyelination of white undertaking. The reason for this overview was to gauge the dissemination changes both of the visual nervus and visual radiation in patients with intense and ceaseless ON using dispersion tensor MR creative mind ( DT-MRI ) . Thirty-three patients with idiopathic demyelinating visual neuritis ( IDON ) and 33 sexual orientation and age-coordinated sound controls were analyzed with DT-MRI, T1-and T2-weighted MRI. Contrasted and controls, both first scene and intermittent patients with IDON in the ague stage indicated fundamentally expanded spiral diffusivity ( I »aS? ) and diminished normal fragmentary anisotropy ( FA ) in the influenced nervousnesss. Decreased FA, expanded I »aS? , normal diffusivity ( MD ) and pivotal diffusivity ( Iâ »a ) were resolved in patients with subacute IDON. We foun d no significant contrast in the directional diffusivity of visual radiation in patients whose infection had endured short of what one twelvemonth contrasted and solid controls. Be that as it may, significant changes of FA and I »aS? of the visual radiation were distinguished in patients with illness duration more than one twelvemonth. These outcomes show the extraordinary power and limit of DT-MRI ventures as extremely utile biomarkers and indexs for the rating of myelin hurt in the visual tract. Visual nervus sheath expansion can be distinguished using ordinary T2-weighted MRI as has been accounted for by Hickman et Al. [ 2-3 ] . These two surveies surveyed the impacts of an individual fiery system and its connect toing demyelination in an accomplice of patients during their first scene of intense uneven ON, and detailed a predictable type of adjustments related with demyelination injuries brought about by redness in the visual nervus. It is of incredible clinical significance to discover prodromic modifications and the certain in neurotic components in patients with ON. Notwithstanding, since the hyperintensity can be a result of either redness, gliosis or axonal devolution, T2-weighted pictures neglect to put the reason basic the pathology. Dissemination tensor MR creative mind ( DT-MRI ) , a broadly perceived creative mind strategy that distinguishes the predominant method of H2O dispersion and the extent of anisotropy in vivo [ 4 ] has late increased more conspicuousness for the test of white undertaking development, solidarity and availability. The demyelination hurt in the visual nervus and visual radiation can be situated with the guide of DT-MRI parametric amounts, for example, normal diffusivity ( MD ) and partial anisotropy ( FA ) , hub diffusivity Iâ »a and spiral diffusivity I »aS? [ 5-6 ] . After death investigation of MS patients recommends that the obsessive systems of ON may incorporate a mix of redness, demyelination, astrocytosis and axonal destruction [ 7 ] . Surveies in mouse visual nervus after retinal ischaemia have uncovered subtle changes of axons and medulla in the white undertaking and discovered Iâ »a and I »aS? qualities to be related with axonal neurotic modifications [ 8-9 ] . These outcomes propose DTI to be better analyzed than other customary imaging procedures for the purpose of investigating the obsessive components of ON. Specific difficulties related with DT-MRI of the visual nervus are the little distance across and the itinerant developments encompassed by CSF and orbital fat [ 10-11 ] . In noticeable radiation of this, and in spite of using various arrangements and conventions, it is somewhat particular that few distinct gatherings have revealed comparative qualities in solid controls ( MD 1.0-1.3A-10-3 mm2/s and FA 0.4-0.6 ) and modified d issemination parametric amounts in constant ON patients [ 12-13 ] . The diverse formative periods of ON appear to be related with various obsessive systems. The intense stage is described by redness and perchance demyelination of the visual nervus. The ceaseless stage, on the different manus, commonly shows axonal mischief, perchance even axonal perish taking to squandering of the visual nervus [ 14-16 ] . Expanded MD and diminished FA were seen in a heterogenous partner of patients with incessant ON [ 17 ] ; expanded apparent dispersion coefficient ( ADC ) values were found especially in interminable patients [ 18-19 ] . A study firmly identified with our work demonstrated hub diffusivity Iâ »a in the intense stage to flexibly of import prescient data and the spiral diffusivity I »aS? in the subacute stage to represent the best advance connected with the visus [ 20 ] . An ongoing overview demonstrated tractography to be a strategy delicate bounty to watch obsessive abnormalcies in the visual radiations after ON [ 21 ] . Understanding the association between modified dispersion parametric amounts of the visual nervus, visual radiation and visual open introduction will flexibly knowledge into the verifiable in obsessive systems and might be significant for having the option to foresee the visual advancement after ON. The old surveies referenced above, have indicated diverse obsessive systems during the various periods of ON and we were intrigued to support these discoveries by DT-MRI, a novel and delicate methodological assault. We guessed that the neurotic modifications occurring during the unwellness may affect the dispersion lists in any case and that we subsequently may happen contrasting dissemination esteems in the ague and subacute periods of ON dependent on the finishing up clinical diagnosing. Materials and techniques Subjects Thirty-three patients who satisfied the clinical norms set by the Optic Neuritis Study Group [ 22, 23 ] were enlisted from May 2008 to December 2008 at the Beijing Tongren Hospital. The patient gathering comprised of 12 guys and 21 females from 10 to 58 mature ages ( normal 31.1A ±12.8 mature ages ) . The segment informations evaluated during the MRI study is remembered for Table 1. Thirty-three sexual orientation and age-coordinated solid controls ( 12 male and 21 female, normal ages 29.21A ±12.09 mature ages ( run 10-60 mature ages ) with ordinary neurological examination and no history of neurological miracles filled in as control themes. Table 1. Segment and clinical highlights of patients with IDON Trademark No of patients Sex Male 12 Female 21 Age ( mature ages ) Middle 31.1 Range 10-58 Period of sickness ( casesi?†° Intense 33 Initial 26 Losing the faith 7 Subacute 18 Initial 6 Falling away from the faith 12 In this paper we will additionally make reference to according to the subjects as cases, entirely the study remembered 51 occasions for the patient gathering. In 33 occurrences with intense IDON we figured out how to acquire the MRI informations inside 30 yearss of the approaching of indications. Twenty-six of these examples were first indications of the intense signifier of ON, the other 7 were lasting occasions. We characterized the ON to be intense if a patient encounter a scene of ON inside 30 yearss from the approaching of visual manifestations [ 20, 22, 24 ] . In 18 occurrences with subacute IDON, the MRI-information was gained more than 30 yearss after the ejection of the unwellness. Six occurrences were first scenes and 12 the result of an intermittent scenes. At a similar clasp, we chose 9 points whose ailment had endured longer than 1 twelvemonth and 14 themes under 1 twelvemonth to investigate the auxiliary impacts to OR. The overview was affirmed by the moralss commission of the Beijing Tongren Hospital and a composed educated assent was gotten from every point blending to the Declaration of Helsinki. Information procurement All measurings were performed on a 1.5-T Signa MRI framework ( General Electric, Milwaukee, WI, USA ) . Head motion was limited by keeping froth tablets gave by the creator. Subjects were approached to close their eyes so as to limit any impacts of purposeful oculus movement during the obtaining cut. Every subject was filtered using a high revelation T2-weighted ( liquid weakened reversal recuperation groupings ) FLAIR arrangement ( TR=9000ms, TE=120ms, TI=2125ms, field of position ( FOV ) =24A-21cm2, framework size 256A-222, 32 pieces, 4.0 millimeter piece thickness with 0.8-mm interslice spread ) so as to watch any encephalon abnormalcies. At the clasp of the visual neuritis, the patients had no significant picture disability or different characteristics of neurologic sores in the visual radiation. The pictures of the visual nervousnesss were acquired with a 8-channel caput winding using coronal-slanted turn reverberation EPI grouping with equal securing. The coronal-diagonal pieces were set unessential to the nervousnesss ( See Fig.1 ) . The covering extension was from the visual papilla to the orbital vertex of the visual nervus. We utilized the undermentioned securing parametric amounts for the visual nervus: one b0 and 6 non-collinear angle waies with b=600s/mm2, FOV= 22A-22 cm2, grid size 128A-128, NEX= 16, 8 prompt 5.0 millimeter pieces. By focusing altogether on the visual nervus, the sign commotion proportion ( SNR ) of pictures was set at 35-40. The dissemination obtaining parametric amounts of the visual radiation were the undermentioned: one b0 and 15 non-collinear waies with b=1000 s/mm2, TR=6000ms, TI=71ms, FOV = 24A-24cm2, network size 128A-128, NEX=6, 22 quick 4.0 millimeter pieces. In add-on an entire cerebrum 3D T1 SPGR succession ( TR=10ms, TE=4.4ms, TI=600ms, FOV=26A-26cm2, network size=256A-256, NEX=1, 152 quick 1.0-mm pieces ) was utilized as a starting picture for the resulting co-enrollment of the visual radiation. Figure 1. Position of the pieces saw on a pivotal localizer position of the visual nervus. There are 8 pieces from the front part ( close to the visual papilla ) to the back bit ( close to the orbital vertex ) of the visual nervus. Pieces of information handling The principal measure was to formalize the nature of the normal pictures. The pictures with lacking quality were rescanned until they fulfilled the SNR guidelines set for the investigation. At that point vortex current defo

How To Read a Whole Book Every Week Critical Linking, April 19, 2017

How To Read a Whole Book Every Week Critical Linking, April 19, 2017 Todays  Critical Linking is sponsored by Bang by Barry Lyga. Most people keep their reading on their nightstand. If you read at night, you probably only get through a few pages before you get sleepy. Instead, I recommend reading in the morning. Even if you’re not an early riser, use the time you spend checking Instagram in bed to read a couple chapters. (I promise not much has happened since you opened the app at midnight.) Make coffee and ease your way into the day. A few useful tips for those trying to fit in a whole book every week. Here’s a reading challenge: Pick up a book you’re pretty sure you won’t like â€" the style is wrong, the taste not your own, the author bio unappealing. You might even take it one step further. Pick up a book you think you will hate, of a genre you’ve dismissed since high school, written by an author you’re inclined to avoid. Now read it to the last bitter page. Sound like hell? You’re off to a good start. A defense of reading books you know youll hate. Human beings are storytellers. We document  who we are, where we have been, and where we are going in words and pictures. Civilizations survive through the stories they leave behind. If someone threatens our books, we will fight to defend them. A plea for keeping the NEA and public libraries fully funded. Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

A Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay The Young Lovers

The Young Lovers of A Midsummer Night’s Dream For the proper view of the plight of the young lovers of Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, we should look to other characters in the play. We are invited to sympathize with their situation, but to see as rather ridiculous the posturing to which it leads. This is evident in their language which is often highly formal in use of rhetorical devices, and in Lysanders and Hermias generalizing of the course of true love (the reasons they give why love does not run smooth clearly do not refer to their own particular problems: they are not different in blood, nor mismatched in respect of years). Pyramus and Thisbe is not only Shakespeares parody of the work of other†¦show more content†¦But the best reason is that Demetriuss profession of his new-found love makes the antidote or its absence redundant in his case. Early in the play we laugh at what the young lovers say. Lysander is aware of his and Hermias sufferings, but to pontificate about the course of true love generally, to say it never did run smooth, is risible. The alternate lines in which Lysander proposes a reason why love does not run smooth, while Hermia comments on his statement, invite ridicule, as his or (leading to another reason) is followed by her O, bewailing the cause of the lovers suffering. In the same scene, we note how the same device (stychomythia) is used rather differently, as Hermia and Helena expound Demetrius preferences: I frown upon him, yet he loves me still/O that your frowns would teach my smiles such skill!. Here the use of similar vocabulary with opposite meaning is made emphatic by the rhyming couplet. When Helena soliloquizes about love, at the end of the scene, she speaks wisely, in her general account, but her inability to be wise in her own situation is comic. Disclosing her rivals flight to Demetrius, to enjoy his company briefly, seems perverse, but is wholly plausible: young people in love often do silly things. In the wood, we see the likely outcome of Oberons orders to Puck, asShow MoreRelatedWeathering the Storms of True Love1159 Words   |  5 Pagespresents the truth about true love in his comical tragedy A Midsummer Nights Dream. Lysander clearly stated loves situation when he told Hermia the course of true love never did run smooth (Griffiths 94). In some ways Lysanders declaration becomes the plays structural and thematic point by which Shakespeare uses to explore the storms of love (Bloom 12). In A Midsummer Nights Dream, Shakespeare uses young lovers to depict how love masters young people and pushes them to extreme measures (ComtoisRead More Comparing A Midsummer Nights Dream and Romeo and Juliet Essay1176 Words   |  5 Pagesanother, two stand out from the rest as sharing a great deal in common. 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By connecting the actions to a manner of speech, which mirrors those actions, ShakespeareRead MoreFemale Sexuality in Shakespeare4830 Words   |  20 PagesQuestion Compare and contrast the representation of female sexuality in Cymbeline, the Sonnets, and one of the plays: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Richard II, Hamlet, Antony and Cleopatra, Measure for Measure or King Lear.       Both Cymbeline and A Midsummer Night’s Dream  (AMND)  are both set in a patriarchal environment where both genders grapple for control. Valerie Traub defines the distinction between gender sex and gender behavior as â€Å"Sex refers to the . . . biological distinctions between

What We Learn Nature or Nurture - 1150 Words

Biology, or heritability, seems to affect intelligence by about 75 percent. While experience, learning, and environment seems to amount to about 25 percent of intelligence. Though in adulthood heritability can account for more than 80 percent of intelligence. Unfortunately, it is hard to fully determine the full effect of heritability because it is a statistic of a group as a whole and not an individual. If a person had more time dedicated to their experience, learning, and an environment of greater quality the outcome would be significantly different. An Example of this how students in Japan are subject to school for nine to 12 hours a day six days a week, and the budget for their education system is immensely larger than that of the†¦show more content†¦While acting as this second eye view, thats like a mirror of the persons own cognitions, the therapist uses genuineness by throughly hearing what the person is saying and genuinely applies what the therapist perceives towa rds the persons self-fulfillment, otherwise giving insight in a self confident way. Through this the therapist uses unconditional positive regard, freeing the person of conditions of worth—the standards that the individual must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others—by creating a fuzzy—loving environment in which the therapist never undermines the client as a person, and utilizes empathy to become the parent that the person never had, as demonstrated in the Carl Rodgers and Gloria movie. This must be done because the humanistic theory believes that parents needed to utilize unconditional positive regard so the child can avoid difficulties associated with conditions of worth; so the therapist becomes the parent or guardian the person always wanted helping them find their identity. This is call client-centered therapy. The Rogerian therapy focuses on the conscious mind and self-actualization as the most healing process. The Humanistic or Rogerian approach to personality says that personality develops from a persons intuitive, organismic motives to prosper and self-actualization. These nourishing predispositions can be subverted by social pressure. Furthermore,Show MoreRelatedIs Nature Or Nurture?1439 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen debating which issue, nature or nurture, has a bigger impact on an individual’s life. Both of these arguments touch on important points which makes for an interesting but yet difficult topic when choosing what shapes personality. 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If both twins are overweight, they will face fat shaming and bullying, they will learn how to not listen to rude people or they will not be able to take it and cry and become sad and unhappy with their lives. If the twins are black, they will probably face differentRead MoreNature vs. Nurture: a Biblical Perspective1531 Words   |  7 PagesRUNNING TITLE: Nature vs. Nurture Nature vs. Nurture: A Biblical Perspective Ouida Lynne Heath Psychology 101, Module 5 Professor Roberts December 17, 2009 Nature vs. Nurture: A Biblical Perspective The Nature versus Nurture debate has been ongoing for centuries. People have tried to gain power through knowledge in determining what causes the human â€Å"mind to tick.† For centuries leaders and scientists haveRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Debate1343 Words   |  6 Pagesthat has been controversial to psychologist since the phrase was created in 1869 is â€Å"Nature vs Nurture†. Although the debate was started well before then, 1869 was the first time it was tied to the debate. The nature vs nurture debate is over whether you get your behavior from genetics, what you inherited from your biological parents, or if they are learned characteristics, what you learn from the environment and what you get taught. The debate can be traced back to early western philosophy and is stillRead MoreThe Debate Between Nature Vs Nurture1697 Words   |  7 PagesWhat determines who you are or what you will become? The debate between nature versus nurture is trying to figure this out. According to â€Å"Essentials of Psychology†, Jeffrey S. Nevid (2012) Nature versus nurture is the debate about how genetics and nature determine our behavior. In other words, have your attitude, behavior and health problems developed because of how you were raised or who you came from. It is a debate that has stumped psychologists for centuries. The study of twins, both identicalRead MoreNature vs. Nurture: A Biblical Perspective1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe Nature versus Nurture debate has been ongoing for centuries. People have tried to gain power through knowledge in determining what causes the human â€Å"mind to tick.† For centuries leaders and scientists have performed unethical and immoral studies to determine why two people with similar genetic composition can come from similar backgrounds and turn out so differently. I have witnessed a person raised in a poor home by parents with drug addictions become a thriving contributable member of societyRead MoreThe Effect Of Environmental And Genetics On The Development Of A Person1000 Words   |  4 Pagesa person. Both nature and nurture have been proven to play an important role in one’s development. Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception e.g. the product of exposure, experience and learning on an individual. Throughout this paper the effects of environmental and genetics factors on a person will be discussed, and one will learn how they aid inRead MoreNature vs. Nurture: Parents or Environment Essay example571 Words   |  3 Pagesunderstand, thus making the topic of nature vs. nurture extremely controversial. The debates always show that nature and nurture contrast but then there may be evidence that suggest that the two are linked and a person is actually an enigma characterized by the mixture of predisposed genetics and enviro nmental influences. The idea that nature and nurture are joined is great to oppose nativists, people on the nature side, and empiricists, people sided with nurture. As mentioned before, the topic is

The DSM-IV Free Essays

The DSM-IV is an important tool for clinicians. It provides a standard for diagnoses to be standardized across psychology; however, the DSM-IV is not as precise for diagnosing personality disorders as some psychologists would like. Give an example of each of the following problems identified in your readings and explain how these problems could negatively affect a diagnosis. We will write a custom essay sample on The DSM-IV or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. Some criteria used for reaching a diagnosis cannot be observed directly. Particular patient study has to take place in most circumstances so that the clinicians can increase info about the patient’s indicators that may not be instantly noticeable in the clinical situation. If this exterior particular info is not collected by the clinician a misdiagnosis may be completed. Particular facts may contain info about the patient’s character, manners or a patient’s responses to certain circumstances, indicators that only show in a particular environment and info that cannot be gathered straight from the patient due their incapability or unwillingness to communicate with the clinician openly. An instance would be a patient who presents with avoidant character disorder doubts might be identified as having social fear, when they really are feeling a different illness. Misdiagnosis may have serious concerns if suitable management, treatments or medicines are used. 2. Personality disorders can be similar to each other. There are numerous symptoms that overlay between different illnesses in DSM group listings. The clinician’s individual explanations may lead to misdiagnosis amongst one of these two illnesses if the clinician trusts only on info collected in the clinical situation. For example obsessive-compulsive disorder, an anxiety disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder, a personality disorder has numerous indications in common. In this circumstance, a clinician could grasp a deceptive analysis in this circumstance. The misdiagnosis would chief to improper management modalities, inappropriate medicine and may bring about a deterioration of the patient’s disorder. 3. People with different personalities can be given the same diagnosis The DSM criteria can be understood as personality disorders rather than a change in personality styles. For example, a person who shows a personality that is both detailed and thorough may be identified as obsessive-compulsive. A person who is firm and self-assured may be diagnosed as a narcissist. 4. Do you think that personality disorders are true mental illnesses? Why or why not? Yes I do believe that it is a true mental illness. Unless the person is just faking it. I don’t see how someone can just have a personality disorder without something actually being wrong with them. Some kind of trauma or chemical imbalance had to or has to be happening in order for a person to experience this disorder. How to cite The DSM-IV, Papers

Bhopal Gas Disaster free essay sample

The gas leak triggered a disaster that is now widely recognized as the world worst industrial catastrophe. Thousands of people were killed instantly and more than 25,000 people have died of gas-related illnesses, several thousands more maimed for life since. Union Carbide negotiated a settlement with the Indian Government in 1989 for $470 million a total of only $370 to $533 per victim a sum too small to pay for most medical bills. In 1996, t elve years after the disaster, Union Carbide became part of the Dow Chemical w Corporation, which flatly refused to assume any liabilities in India or clean up the toxic poisons left behind saying that it was the responsibility of the Madhya Pradesh state government which had taken over the site. Today twenty five years since that fateful night, lakhs of people still living in the vicinity of the factory are exposed to toxic chemicals that continue to leach from tonnes of waste lying within the UCIL premises causing groundwater and soil contamination. As a result a whole new generation continues to get sick, from cancer and birth defects to everyday impacts o aches and pains, f rashes, fevers, eruptions of boils, headaches, nausea, lack of appetite, dizziness, and constant exhaustion. During the last four years survivors’ organizations have renewed their campaign to both get justice for the survivors as well as cleaning up of the hazardous waste. This compilation of selected news stories covering the last four years is a small effort to highlight this campaign as reported by the mainstream media. For an in-depth understanding of the issues see www. ndiaenvironmentportal. org. in/indepth/term/2542. A comprehensive collection of these up-to-date news clippings, research papers, lab studies, reports, documents, opinions and court judgments etc have now been made available by the Centre for Science and Environment at www. indiaenvironmentportal. org. in/taxonomy/term/2544. Links to selected CSE research papers and lab report. h ttp://www. downtoearth. org. in/webexclusives/factsheet_1. htm http://www. indiaenvironmentportal. org. in/node/292685 http://www. downtoearth. org. in/default20091130. htm http://www. downtoearth. org. n/webexclusives/site_photos/Site_photos. htm BHOPAL GAS DISASTER [ JANUARY DECEMBER, 2006] Gas victims bodies celebrate judgement Organisations of Gas victims had celebrated favourable decisions from the Judge John F Keenan of the District Court of New York for the first time in the history of the case regarding the Union Carbide disaster in Bhopal. On January 10, Judge Keenan had issued a letter rogatory for obtaining the documents from Eveready Industries India Limited that could potentially establish the nexus between this Indian Company and Union Carbide, USA and DOW Chemical USA. Sharma their Attorney General who had been fighting for the survivors in the US Courts since 1999 when the legal action was initiated. In his decision Judge has agreed to seek judicial assistance from the Indian Government, to compel EIIL to produce documents related to its corporate structure and affiliations and liabilities concerning environmental contamination caused by the Bhopal Factory. The Judge has requested that plaintiffs attorney Sharma be notified regarding examination of documents before the appropriate courts in India. Two appeals on this behalf of people affected by soil and ground water contamination from Bhopal, are currently pending before the Second circuit Court of Appeals, which was decided in favour of the Bhopal victims on two earlier occasions. If successfully the legal action in the US Federal Court will force Union Carbide to pay further compensation far greater than the settlement amount of 470 million dollars it paid in 1989. Central Chronicle / Bhopal/ 13/01/06 Girl born after gas tragedy gets Compensation twice Staff Reporter / Bhopal Compensation to gas victims was disbursed off to help them recover from the tragedy. However, few denizens had not only fraudulently got the names of their kin included in the compensation list, they also managed to obtain the compensation more than once for the same individual. Amazingly, the compensation was allegedly sanctioned by the same deputy commissioner twice without noticing the irregularity. A woman Naznee Siddiqui allegedly got the name of her daughter Faiza Siddiqui included in the beneficiaries list despite the girl being born three years after the gas tragedy. The alleged fraud did not end here, as the woman claimed the compensation twice in the name of her daughter. Interestingly, the woman in an affidavit claimed that her daughter was present at the time of gas leakage but the mark sheet of the girl stated her date of birth as September 30, 1987. Both the claims were sanctioned in 1999 by the same deputy commissioner, RK Bhave, wherein the girl was made eligible for compensation of Rs 25,000 each. The claim numbers of the girl were 138071 and 139067. Apart from the girl, the mother and her son also obtained compensation of Rs 70,000 and Rs 25,000 in the year 1994 and 1999, respectively. The claims clearly contained the name of the girl, her parents name, residence and age. Despite this, they were sanctioned twice in four months. The girl was also directed to remain present in the claims court on March 18 and July 19, 1999, to receive compensation as per the claimed letters. Bhartiya Jan Morcha district president Pradeep Khandelwal raised the issue and said that hundreds of such cases were approved by greasing the palms of employees posted in the office of Gas Welfare Commissioner. Assistant Registrar of Gas Welfare DS Solanki told The Pioneer that the claim was accepted only after going through attached documents that include age proof. Speaking on the particular case, the assistant commissioner said the genuineness of the claim could be cross checked after verification of attached document. Mr Solanki assured that they would again go through the documents and take action against the guilty on discovering the fraud. Pioneer / Delhi 23/01/06 Bhopal gas victims walk all the way to Delhi As many as 39 survivors of the Bhopal gas leak tragedy today reached Delhi for a do-or-die battle after a 800-km trek from Bhopal that took them 33 days. Stressing that justice still eludes victims of the Union Carbide chemical leak tragedy, the ‘padyatris’, several of them above 60 years of age, say they will start a fast unto death here next month till their sixpoint charter of demands is met by the government. The demands include setting up of a national commission on Bhopal to oversee medical and social rehabilitation of the victims for the next 30 years, supply of safe drinking water to communities currently drinking poisoned water, speedy prosecution of the accused, 1 25 Years After Bhopal Gas Disaster ncluding Union Carbide Corporation and its former chairman; environmental remediation, a ban on Dow Chemical and its subsidiary Union Carbide’s business in India and memorialising the disaster story by including it in school and college curriculum. â€Å"It is sad that every government since the tragedy in 1984 has prioritised the interests of private companies instead of the people who have suffered. The kill ers are yet to be brought to justice,† said Rashida Bi, who heads the Bhopal Gas Peedit Mahila Stationary Karamchari Sangh. Rashida Bi has lost six members of her own family due to medical complications since that December night in 1984. Toxic wastes are still polluting the water in the area threatening the lives of communities living there. The plant site was yet to be decontaminated. Tribune/ New Delhi/ 26/03/06 Monday, the protesters had organised a march from Nizamuddin Park to Jantar Mantar. Threaten indefinite fast They threatened to go on an indefinite fast if their demands were not met. Representatives from Delhi University and Jawaharlal Nehru University, activists of Narmada Bachao Andolan, trade union members and members of various nonGovernment organisations had also joined them. The protestors have been demanding setting up of a national commission on Bhopal to oversee medical and social rehabilitation. As many as 39 survivors of the gas tragedy had reached the Capital on Saturday after a month -long, 800-km walk from Bhopal. Hindu/ New Delhi/ 29/03/06 Cabinet nod on compensation to Bhopal victims Special Correspondent NEW DELHI: The Union Cabinet on Wednesday approved the implementation of the 2004 Supreme Court order for disbursement of pro-rata additional compensation on one-on-one basis to victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy. It also decided that the Government will take responsibility for meeting the shortfall of about Rs. 50 crore, as estimated by the Office of Welfare Commissioner. The Cabinet also gave its nod for the proposal of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies to open its South Asia Regional Office here to improve the efficacy of the Federation in the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of its activities in the region. The regional office would, among other things, coordinate and advise on development projects and programmes of the national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies of the 2 25 Years After Bhopal Gas Disaster Bhopal prote sters detained in Delhi Staff Reporter NEW DELHI: Over 100 protesters, comprising mostly women, demanding the rehabilitation of survivors of the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy were detained by the police for staging a dharna outside Shastri Bhavan here on Tuesda y. The protesters refused to leave without a positive response from the Union Minister for Chemicals and Fertilizers, Ram Vilas Paswan. Around 4 p. m. , the police detained them and took them to the Parliament Street police station. They were kept there till late eveing. We are contemplating legal action against them as we want to discourage the practice of such big protests in the highsecurity zones, said a police officer. Two of the protestors were injured when they were forcibly removed by the police. On countries in the region, assist them in the event of a disaster and also provide training to their staff and volunteers. The Cabinet also cleared a proposal to withdraw the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill to bring in a more comprehensive legislation. The Bill was introduced in Parliament in 2003. Union Defence Minister and Cabinet spokesperson Pranab Mukherjee said the Bill was being withdrawn as a Parliament Standing Committee had recommended a long list of changes in it. The Government thought that instead of introducing the change in the Bill, it would be better to withdraw it and bring in a new legislation that incorporated the recommendations. The Cabinet also gave its nod for signing an agreement with Kuwait for avoidance of double taxation and prevention of fiscal evasion in respect of taxes on income and cleared a proposal for India to join the memorandum of understanding on the conservation and management of marine turtles and their habitats in the Indian Ocean and South East Asia. Hindu / Delhi 06/04/06 Bhopal victims step up agitation NEW DELHI: Over 400 survivors of the Bhopal gas disaster and their ympathisers who on Monday organised a huge die in here, covering themselves in white shrouds and lying on the road while symbolic figures of death danced through the corpses. The gas victims and their sympathisers, who have been demonstrating here for the last fifteen days, announced that six persons (three survivors and three sympathisers) would go on an indefinite hunger strike from Tuesday. Demonstrators said that though the Ministry of Chemicals had been sympathetic to their demands, it was up to the Prime Minister t o clear any decision related to the Bhopal victims. They said the Union Cabinets approval for the implementation of the Supreme Court orders of 2004 for disbursement of pro-rata additional compensation on a one-to-one basis to the victims did not address their present demands. This money was long due and a result of an agreement between the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Central Government that any shortfall in converting the money payable from dollars to rupees would be taken care by the Central Government. It has nothing to with our present demands, said Nityanand Jayaram, environmental activist and writer. In a statement issued on Monday, four organisations, Bhopal Gas Peedit Mahila Stationery Karmachari Sangh, Bhopal Gas Peedit Mahila Purush Sangharsh Morcha, Bhopal Group for Information and Action, and Bhopal ki Awaaz cited a 2001 study published by the Madhya Pradesh governments Centre for Rehabilitation Studies that has attributed at least 350 deaths annually to gas-related ailments. Hindu / Delhi 11/04/06 year 1998-2004 and demanded that an amount of Rs 37. 65 crore which was pen ding in the custody of a court in Bhopal be released to the trust. This amount had been lying attached in the Magistrate court in Bhopal to secure the presence of Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) Chairman in a criminal case, who has since been declared an absconder. The Hospital, which is meant to exclusively treat the Bhopal gas victims, has already received a sum of Rs 518 crore till date. The sum of Rs 37. 65 crore had been obtained after the sell-off of shares belonging to UCC. compensation amount should be referred to the Constitution Bench. It may be recalled that in December 1984, 2000 persons were killed and over 20,000 ere injured when the poisonous gas MIC leaked from the UCC unit in Bhopal. Pioneer /New Delhi 13/04/06 Parents of Bhopal victims protest in capital Parents o f children suffering from physical disability as a result of carbide contamination, after the Bhopal gas tragedy, came together in the capital on Saturday demanding immediate steps from the government to guarantee better health for Bhopal’s children. More than 70 c hildren with birth deformities have been identified from among the communities who have been exposed to carbide poisoning in drinking water, revealed protesters who have entered the fifth day of hunger strike. Expressing disappointment over the meeting with Prime Minister Manmohan Singh being called off on Friday, Ms Champa Devi Shukla one the protesters on indefinite hungerstrike said, â€Å"We are extremely disappointed. Three gas victims are on the fifth day of the hungerstrike, and the Prime Minis ter has found no time to meet us, despite getting two months notice. † All three sons of 50-yearold Shahida Bee are suffering from physical disorders. My first son fell ill when he was eight years old. My second son was born dead and with a half-formed skull. All the kids in our family are physically retarded,† said Shahida, a resident of Blue Moon colony in Bhopal. Explaining that they are forced to use the contaminated tubewell water because of scarcity of water, the children in the area are developing s kin diseases. Gas victims allege bungling of funds Pioneer News Service / New Delhi The plea by Bhopal Gas tragedy victims alleging misappropriation of funds allotted to Bhopal Memorial Hospital Trust meant for their treatment, got a shot in the arm with the Supreme Court permitting Bhopal Gas Peedit Mahila dyog Sangathan to inspect the audited account from 1998 to 2004. The issue came before the court after the Trust, represented through senior advocate RK Jain presented the audited accounts from the The trust, presently headed by former Chief Justice of India Justice AM Ahmadi had claimed the immediate rel ease of this amount in the wake of increased cost of maintenance of the hospital However the petitioners alleged misappropriation of funds on massive scale. It further pointed out to court that the accounts for the period 199698 have not been kept. The Bench of Justices BN Srikrishna and LS Panta while posting the matter for May 2 observed, in order to remove misgivings about the accounts, the advocate -on-record for the pe titioner and a chartered accountant to be appointed by the petitioner shall be permitted to wrong is found in the Trust accounts, then an order for release of Rs 37. 65 crore shall be passed on the next date of hearing. The court also decided to hear on May 2, an application filed by the petitioner seeking to set aside the compensation amount of US $ 440 million arrived at between UCC and the Central Government on grounds that it was totally inadequate, keeping in view the loss of life and property. The agreement was chalked out under the supervision of a Constitution Bench headed by then Chief Justice of India RS Pathak. The court will also decide on the question whether this application challenging the 3 25 Years After Bhopal Gas Disaster â€Å"After the accident I used to have fever. My babies inherited the same disease and they all died in their infancy,† said 40year-old Shanti Naidu, resident of Shankar Nagar in Bhopal. The fate of 60-year- old Tusi Bai is the same. While his son has been diagnosed with tuberculosis, all the women in the family are suffering from severe physical disorders. The contamination is having adverse effects on the health of the children, stressed protesters of the International Campaign for Justice in Bhopal. Families, who have been victims of the gas tragedy and carbide contamination come to Delhi to meet the Prime Minister and present the sixpoint demands. Asian Age/ New Delhi 16/04/06 Govt agrees to major demands of Bhopal victims Vibha Sharma Stating to have registered a â€Å"major victory† after the â€Å"government conceded to four of their six long-standing demands†, Bhopal gas tragedy survivors today called off their â€Å"international hunger strike† and the agitation that has been continuing at the prot st venue e near Jantar Mantar, here, for the past 20 days now. The protestors, who met the Prime Minister for about 30 minutes this morning, later said, â€Å"Dr Manmohan Singh assured a 1 0-member delegation, comprising Bhopal gas tragedy victims and upporters, that their demands related to clean water, clean-up of toxic wastes, setting up of a national commission for medical and economic rehabilitation will be met. † Following this, the agitators, who had walked into the Capital on March 25 after an 800-km â€Å"padyatra† from Bhopal, ended their dharna with a note of solidarity for the Narm ada struggle. Happy scenes could be witnessed at the protest venue with victims and supporters hugging and congratulating each other after this â€Å"major victory†. Activist Nityanand Jayaraman, however, expressed disappointment over the Prime Minister turning down their two demands. â€Å"Dr Manmohan Sing h told the delegation that he was powerless to take any extra legal measures to hold the Union Carbide Corporation or its parent company Dow Chemical accountable in response to a demand by survivors that the UCC and Dow should be held liable for the continuing disaster in Bhopal. † â€Å"The Prime Minister said we have to do business we have to move ahead. India has to survive despite these tragedies. Please leave politics to politicians. He said the UCC was a foreignbased multinational and assured that he would explore whatever options existed within the law to hold the company accountable,† Jayaraman added. The activists expressed â€Å" shame and outraged at the Prime Minister of the world’s largest democracy having openly admitted to his inability to pressurise an American multinational,† and resolved to take direct and legal action against Dow and the UCC’s businesses, nationally and internationally over the coming months. We will hold dharnas in front of their offices everywhere in the world,’’ wellknown Bhopal activist Rashida Bi told The Tribune. And in the words of activist Satinath Sarangi, â€Å"At a time when India is set to more than double its industrial capacity, the Prime Minister’s reluctance to take extra legal measures to pressure multinational corporations is deplorable and should set the alarm bells ringing†. 4 25 Years After Bhopal Gas Disaster Sarangi added that, â€Å" It doesn’t make any sense to direct our protests on the matter of corporate accountability towards a man who has expressed his powerlessness on this matter. â€Å" The Dow should beware now because all our energies will be focused on putting the brakes on its business in India,† Goldman award winner Champa Devi Shukla declared. There, however, has been no official word on the meeting. While the Madhya Pradesh Government recently announced the allotment of Rs 100 crore for the construction of a memorial in Bhopal, protestors have been told that the story of the Bhopal disaster would be included in educational curricula developed by the NCERT. There also have been assurances regarding providing clean water to some colonies. Three activists will accompany high-level team led by the Secretary, Ministry of Chemicals, to finalise details regarding provision of safe water and the participation of survivors in the construction of a memorial in Bhopal. Josh Imeson and Diane Wilson, both of who have been fasting in solidarity with the survivors, also called off their fast. Diane Wilson, a long -time Bhopal supporter, who is on the fourth day of her indefinite fast in the USA, was in the process of being informed about this â€Å"major victory†, said Jayaraman. The Bhopal campaign, which became somewhat overshadowed by the ongoing NBA struggle in the Capital, has been receiving good national and international support. The PMO received nearly 3000 faxes and more than 350 persons have signed up to fast for a day or longer in solidarity with the Bhopal campaign. Film star Amir Khan also stopped by at the dharna site last week to express solidarity with protestors. Twenty one years and many struggles later, 39 survivors of the worst industrial disaster of the world, the Bhopal gas leak tragedy walked into the Capital after a 800-km trek from Bhopal that took them 33 days for a do-or-die battle on March 25. Tribune/ New Delhi/ 18/04/06 Dow shareholders want instant relief for Bhopal victims Rahul Noronha | Bhopal Resolution at Thursdays AGM to force issue - Survivors of the dea dly 1984 gas disaster in Bhopal may have just found new allies, and that too in the most unlikely quarters, in their 21-year-long struggle for justice and adequate compensation. More than 15,000 people have died since the night of December 2-3, 1984, when tonnes of methyl isocyanate leaked from the Union Carbide plant in Bhopal. Many more and their offspring have been maimed for their lives. Dow Chemical purchased Union Carbide in 2001 for 10. 3 billion in stock and debt. Dow has publicly stated several times that the Union Carbide settlement payments have already fulfilled Dows financial responsibility for the disaster. However, efforts by survivors to get Dow to clean the heavily contaminated site are on appeal in a US district court. Shareholders of Dow Chemical have now decided to challenge CEO Andrew Liveris and the companys top management at its annual meeting of stockholders on Thursday. They want Dow to take new initiatives pertaining to the welfare of the survivors of the worlds worst industrial disaster. Shareholders feel that more than 21 years after the disaster, the ongoing dispute threaten Dows reputation and business in India. A shareholder resolution on the agenda for this years annual meeting asserts that it would be respectful of human rights and, more importantly, also a good business decision for Dow to undertake new initiatives to address the needs of survivors. The resolution requests the company to produce a document listing the new initiatives by the management pertaining to the environmental, health and social concerns of the survivors of the gas leak at the Union Carbide plant. The shareholders who filed the resolution representing a total of 4. million shares (current value: $186 million) include the New York City Fire Department (NYCFD) Pension Fund, New York State Common Retirement Fund (NYSCRF), Boston Common Asset Management, Amnesty International USA (AIUSA), Dominican Sisters: Grand Rapids, Sisters of Holy Cross and Sisters of Mercy Regional Community of Detroit Charitable Trust. The move seems to have gone down well with those advocating the cause of gas survivors in Bhopal. Satinath Sha dangi of the Bhopal Group for Information and Action, speaking to The Pioneer, termed the resolution a significant move as far as shareholder activism is concerned. He said though shareholders of Dow have been supporting us for the last three years, the resolution to be moved on Thursday is bound to have a positive fallout. Pioneer / Delhi 11/05/06 Gas hit welcome Centres decision Bhopal, May 13 Leaders of four organisations working with survivors of the Union Carbide disaster in Bhopal on Saturday hailed the formation of the coordination committee by the Government of India. However, they strongly condemned the composition of the committee that is dominated by government officials, that includes NP Mishra, a former 5 25 Years After Bhopal Gas Disaster edical advisor to Union Carbide and that fails to include the majority of survivors organisations in Bhopal. These four organisations have written to the Prime Minister requesting his personal intervention to ensure a more balanced c ommittee that includes their representatives. The four organisations, who led the 800 kilometer long march to New Delhi in February this year had called specifically for the setting up of such a crucial committee as their first priority. The Prime Minister conceded to the demand on April 17 after meeting with representatives of these organisations. In line with the demands of the four organisations, the coordination committee is expected to plan and implement schemes for medical, economic and social rehabilitation of the people poisoned by Union Carbide in Bhopal. It is a travesty, they stated on Saturday, that none of their representatives have yet been incorporated into the coordination commit tee. The organisations have also taken strong exception to the inclusion of Dr NP Mishra, former medical advisor to Union Carbide in Bhopal in the committee. According to them Dr Mishra is responsible for thousands of preventable deaths because of his opposition to the administration of sodium thiosulphate to the survivors in the aftermath of the disaster. Many lives could have been saved, they asserted on Saturday, if gas affected people had received this injection in time. Administration of Sodium Thiosulphate helpful as it was in detoxifying the body, also demonstrated that contrary to Union Carbides position that only lungs and eyes were damaged by the toxic gases the poisons had actually entered the blood stream and aused damage to almost every organ in the body. At least on of the nine members of the committee, Ms Madhumita Dutta from New Delhi has already tendered her resignation to protest against the imbalance of the committee, the inclusion of Dr Mishra and exclusion of the leaders of the four organisations. It was informed by Satinath Sarangi, Rachna Dhingra, Bhopal Group for Information and Action at a press conference here on Saturday. On the occasion large number of members of the four organizations were also present. Central Chronicle / Bhopal 14/05/06 No security lapse in Carbide plant: By Our Staff Reporter Bhopal, A former senior official of the Union Carbides pesticide plant today denied that lax security measures had resulted in 1984 Bhopal gas disaster, which claimed few thousand lives and affected several lakh people. Deposing before Chief Judicial Magistrate Ravindra Kumar in a criminal case related to the tragedy, the then Union Carbide India Limited production manager SP Choudhary, in his, written statement, said there was no laxity in security arrangement in the factory. The CBI and other investigating agencies had, not succeeded in establishing a strong reason behind the tragedy. However, allegations were levelled, that the factorys design, was faulty. The pesticide plant was spread over an area of seven eight-acre land and functioned round the clock. He said it was wrong to say that inadequate safety measures at the plant facing closure due to economic reasons led to the incident. In fact, a simple maintenance campaign was launched between September and November 1984. Choudhary rejected allegations levelled against him and pleaded the court to absolve him of the charges. Earlier, the then UCIL nonexecutive chairman Keshub Mahindra and the then UCIL vice-chairman Kishore Kamdar recorded their statements yesterday. The statement of the then shift supervisor Shakeel Qureshi was being recorded today. Voluntary organisations Bhopal Gas Peedit Sangharsh Sahyog Samiti and Bhopal Gas Peedit Mahila Udyog Sagathan, who are the interven ors appeared together in February. They included Mahindra, Choudhary Qureshi, the then UCIL works manager J Mukund, the then UCIL production manager KV Shetty, managing director Vijay Gokhale, vice-president Kishore Kamdar and another accused A K Srivastava. After the lunch recess, the CJM fixed the next dates of hearing as July 11 and 12. After Choudhary, Qureshis statement was recorded. Statements were recorded under section 313 of the CrPC. The state government was represented by CBI Counsel C Sahay and Advocate Ajay Gupta was the defence counsel. Central Chronicle / Bhopal/ 10/06/06) (UCIL). The court had recorded the statements of former UCIL Bhopal plant production manager KV Shetty the other day. Recording of statements of former UCIL chairman Keshub Mahindra, former UCIL works manager J Mukund, former managing director Vijay Gokhale, former UCIL Vice president Kishore Kamdar former production manager SP Choudhary and former shift supervisor Shakil Ibrahim Qureshi had been completed earlier. During the hearing, the prosecution agency, CBI, sought permission to ask more questions from the accused as investigation into the case was continuing. Accepting the request, the court directed to make available the prescribed questionnaire to the accused. Meanwhile, Bhopal Gas Peedit Sangharsh Sahyog Samiti and Bhopal Gas Peedit Mahila Udyog Sangathan today submitted an application before the court saying the investigation in the case had not been completed and the chargesheet framed against the accused in 1987 needs to be argued. Central Chronicle/ Bhopal/ 13/07/06 Declare entire Bhopal as gas-hit The Madhya Pradesh government today passed a non-official resolution urging the Centre to declare all 56 wards of this city as affected by the 1984 Gas Tragedy the worlds worst industrial disaster and thereby eligible for compensation. Replying to a discussion on the resolution tabled by Umashankar Gupta (Bharatiya Janata Party), Gas Tragedy Relief and Rehabilitation Minister Babulal Gaur said, all wards were affected by the tragedy on the intervening night of December 2-3,. 1984. At that juncture, the Centre did not consult the state Court records statements of UCIL officials The Bhopal Chief Judicial Magistrate (CJM) on Wednesday completed recording statements of all the main accused in connection with a criminal case related to the 1984 Union Carbide gas disaster. CJM Ravindra Singh recorded The statement of AK Srivastava, a representative of the Union Carbide India Limited 6 25 Years After Bhopal Gas Disaster government while reaching an understanding with Union Carbide. Therefore those in the remaining 20 wards are being denied . ompensation. Referring to the AR Antulay Committees recommendations, Gaur said that the Committee also suggested review of the Centres decision. At a Group of Ministers meeting in Delhi, the Centre later recommended inclusion of all the wards for compensation. However, compensation has been provided to all those who submitted medical certificates, he pointed out. Madhya Pradesh has urged the Centre to arrange for an additional Rs 763 crore for the 20 wards so that a minimum of Rs 25,000 could be provided per person. Raising a voice of protest, former Gas, Tragedy Relief and Rehabilitation minister Arif Aqueel blamed the BJP for delay in declaring entire Bhopal as Gas Tragedy-affected as that partys government took no action on the matter while in power at the Centre. Ram Lakhan Sharma (Communist Party of India Marxist) and IMP Verma (Bahujan Samaj Party) also took part in the discussion. Central Chronicle / Bhopal 04/11/06 18,000 people registered with it for long-term treatment through Allopathic, Ayurveda and yoga systems. This year, from January to November, 6,608 gas victims, including 4,524 females and 2,084 males, visited the clinic. Mr. Sarangi said that facilities for eye-care, largescale production of herbal medicines and microbiological tests had been added to the clinic. Efforts had been taken to encourage affected communities to develop their own medicinal garden. Mr. Sarangi stressed the need for a clinic in each of the affected communities. He said employment, pension, safe drinking water, medical research, health surveillance, besides a cleanup of the soil, and groundwater contaminated by the toxic waste at the Carbide plant site were essential for the wellbeing of the population. The clinic, which provides free care to gas victims, would hold a four-day exhibition at the Swaraj Bhavan here to mark the 22nd anniveotographs, documents and other material linked to the gas leak would be displayed. Hindu/ Delhi / 30/11/06 Over 6,600 gas victims treated Clinic has over 18,000 people registered # Clinic has completed 10 years of service # Stress for clinic in each of the affected communities BHOPAL : More than 6,600 people affected by the Union Carbide plant gas leak in 1984 have been treated this year at the Sambhavna Trust Clinic here. Addressing presspersons here on Wednesday, managing trustee Satinath Sarangi said the clinic had completed 10 years of service and had about Bhopal gas victims getting sub-standard drugs: NGOs Criminal neglect of medical care by State Government BHOPAL: Four nongovernment organisations working here among the victims of the Union Carbide gas disaster of 1984 and ground water contamination have alleged after conducting raids on Wednesday on two medical stores of the Madhya Pradesh Gas Relief Department that a large number of expired and substandard drugs are being used for treatment of the gas victims. 25 Years After Bhopal Gas Disaster Addressing a press conference here on Thursday, representatives of the Bhopal Gas Peedit Mahila Stationery Karmachari Sangh, Bhopal Gas Peedit Mahila Purush Sangharsh Morcha, Bhopal Group for Information and Action, and Bhopal ki Aawaaz condemned the State Government saying that it had shown criminal neglect towards medical care of the victims. Upon raiding two medical stores of the Gas Relief Department, they found a large number of expired and substandard drugs, charged the activist leaders, accusing the State Government of deliberately causing harm to the victims of Union Carbide. Of 83 samples of medicines collected from the store, 30 were found to have crossed their expiry date. Many of these expired medicines were antibiotics such as Norfloxacin, Ampicillin and Tetracyclin and steroids such as Prednisolone that could cause serious damage to peoples health. More than half of the samples collected were of medicines manufactured in Indore, the activists said. According to them, three Indore firms that are among the largest suppliers of drugs to the Bhopal Gas Tragedy Relief and Rehabilitation Department have been found to be producing substandard drugs by the Drug Controller of Rajasthan this year. In fact, two truckloads of medicines from two of these companies were being unloaded at the office of the Chief Medical Officer when the citizens raid took place. The leaders said they had been campaigning against the poor quality of medicines at hospitals meant for gas victims for many years. They alleged large-scale corruption and said the issue of poor quality of medicines had even been brought before the Supreme Court by the Monitoring Committee in October 2005 when the Committee had recommended that random samples of medicines be taken and sent for testing at reputed labs. According to the activist leaders, the State Government has not sent any medicine sample for quality testing so far. On October 5 this year the representatives of the four survivors organisations had raised the issue of poor quality medicines at the meeting of the Coordination Committee on Bhopal (CCB) that has been set up on the directives of the Prime Minister. At this meeting, attended by a Secretary to the State Government, the Director of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy Relief and Rehabilitation and the Chief Medical Officer (Gas Relief), they had presented a list of 22 medicines from the medical store of Khan Shakir Ali Khan Hospital for investigation. The activist leaders, Rashida Bi and Champa Devi Shukla of Bhopal Gas Peedit Mahila Stationery Karmachari Sangh, Shahid Noor of Bhopal ki Aawaaz, Rachna Dhingra and Satinath Sarangi of Bhopal Group for Information and Action told media persons that they would go on an indefinite fast to put pressure on the State Government on issues of medical care, employment, social rehabilitation and environmental remediation. They said that the fast, to coincide with the New Year, would be for a new beginning in relief and rehabilitation of the victims of Union Carbide disaster. Hindu / Delhi / 15/12/06 8 25 Years After Bhopal Gas Disaster BHOPAL GAS DISASTER [JANUARY DECEMBER, 2007] To get Dow to invest, Tata offers to lead initiative on Bhopal SHISHIR GUPTA IN a first-o f-its-kind corporate move, Tata group chairman Ratan Tata has volunteered his services to the UPA government for â€Å"remediation† of the Bhopal gas tragedy site to pave the way for Dow Chemicals, now the majority stakeholder of Union Carbide Ltd, to invest in India. Tata’s initiative comes after Dow Chemicals President and CEO Andrew N Liveris expressed his apprehension in making large-scale investments in India after the De partment of Chemicals and Fertilizers filed an application in a PIL in a district court sug gesting that the $46-billion chemical giant should con tribute Rs 100 crore ($22 mil lion) for remediation of the site. At the India -US CEO forum meeting in New York last October, Liveris pointed out that the liability, if any, is of Union Carbide, which still exists as a separate company, and no liability rests with Dow as it was not in the picture when the disaster took place 22 years ago. Dow purchased Union Car bide Ltd in 1999. While Dow has made it clear that it would be willing to contribute voluntarily to the remediation of the site as part of the Indian CEOs’ corporate effort, it wants the government to clarify that it does not hold Dow legally re sponsible for the liabilities of Union Carbide. Writing to the MEA on November 8, Liveris, who is a member of Indo-US CEO forum, said that it was not possible for Dow to invest in India unless the issue was cleared. The Dow CEO said that it wants to work with the local industry CEOs, Madhya Pradesh Government and New Delhi to expedite the remediation efforts. However, the positive note is that Dow has been allowed collaboration with Reliance Industries Ltd by the Ministry of Industry after taking a green signal from the Law Ministry. The foreign collaboration approval was given to Dow in October, signalling that India has not blacklisted Dow as an investor. Dow now has large-scale plans to invest in Madhya Pradesh and proposes to even employ relatives of the Bhopal gas tragedy survivors. West Bengal Chief Minister Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee has also indicated to Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) representatives that he is looking towards Dow setting up a chemical industry in his state. So in a bid to break the deadlock, Tata wrote to Planning Commission Vice Chairman Montek Singh Ahluwalia on November 28 that he was willing â€Å"to lead and find funding for remediation of site above and below ground† in Bhopal. It is understood that Tata wants to set up a corpus with the help of other Indian companies and Dow to clean up the Bhopal plant site. Given that the issue is complex and has implications for investors, the UPA government is toying with the idea of setting up of a Committee of Secretaries under Cabinet Secretary B K Chaturvedi to examine Tata’s proposal and impleme ntation of the site remediation plan. An alternative is an inter -ministerial meeting with Tata or his representatives. Dow Chemicals purchased Union Carbide after all civil claims were settled as per the Supreme Court’s decision. However, NGOs, in a PIL filed in the district court, have claimed that Dow must be held responsible for the remediation measures at the Bhopal site. But Dow says that while it is comfortable with the case 9 25 Years After Bhopal Gas Disaster against Union Carbide proceeding in the court, it finds the Department of Chemicals suggestion that Dow fork out Rs 100 crore as an interpretation that the government was holding Dow liable. In a letter to the Ministry of Industry on December 8, the Charge d’ Affairs of the US Embassy in Delhi urged the government to withdraw the Rs 100-crore claim on Dow. While the top leadership of the UPA government is in favour of burying the legacy, a senior Cabinet Minister told The Indian Express: â€Å"It is a sad history but should not bring about a stalemate. Dow has come to work in India, it is not shying and running away if we do not help Dow settle this, then the company will move to Thailand or Vietnam. † local industry CEOs, Madhya Pradesh Government and New Delhi to expedite the remediation efforts. However, the positive note is that Dow has been allowed collaboration with Reliance Industries Ltd by the Ministry of Industry after taking a green signal from the Law Ministry. The foreign collaboration approval was given to Dow in October, signalling that India has not blacklisted Dow as an investor. Dow now has largescale plans to invest in Madhya Pradesh and proposes to even employ relatives of the Bhopal gas tragedy survivors. West Bengal Chief Minister Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee has also indicated to Ministry of External Affairs (ME A) representatives that he is looking towards Dow setting up a chemical industry in his state. So in a bid to break the deadlock, Tata wrote to Planning Commission Vice Chairman Montek Singh Ahluwalia on November 28 that he was willing â€Å"to lead and find fu nding for remediation of site above and below ground† in Bhopal. It is understood that Tata wants to set up a corpus with the help of other Indian companies and Dow to clean up the Bhopal plant site. Given that the issue is complex and has implications for investors, the UPA government is toying with the idea of setting up of a Committee of Secretaries under Cabinet Secretary B K Chaturvedi to examine Tata’s proposal and implementation of the site remediation plan. An alternative is an inter -ministerial meeting with Tata or his representatives. Dow Chemicals purchased Union Carbide after all civil claims were settled as per the Supreme Court’s de- cision. However, NGOs, in a PIL filed in the district court, have claimed that Dow must be held responsible for the remediation measures at the Bhopal site. But Dow says that while it is comfortable with the case against Union Carbide proceeding in the court, it finds the Department of Chemicals suggestion that Dow fork out Rs 100 crore as an interpretation that the government was holding Dow liable. In a letter to the Ministry of Industry on December 8, the Charge d’ Affairs of the US Embassy in Delhi urged the govern- ment to withdraw the Rs 100-crore claim on Dow. While the top leadership of the UPA government is in favour of burying the legacy, a senior Cabinet Minister told The Indian Express: â€Å"It is a sad history but should not bring about a stalemate. Dow has come to work in India, it is not shying and running away if we do not help Dow settle this, then the com pany will move to Thailand or Vietnam. † Indian Express/Delhi/01/01/07 Do and Dow Proposal for voluntary corporate clean-up of Bhopal gas site merits serious consideration Successive Indian governments have failed Bhopal’s gas victims in a variety of ways. From the first shoddy efforts following the terrible incident to nondisbursal of compensation years after the tragedy — it took a PIL and a resultant court ruling for the government to start moving on this front — official responses have made clear there were two villains in the Bhopal case: the callously negligent factory management and the consistently indifferent government. That is why official attempts to act virtuous over Bhopal-related matters are particularly hard to swallow. More so, when after decades, some sensible proposals are being heard. As this newspaper reported on Monday, Ratan Tata has volunteered to take the lead in remediation — bureaucratese for a clean-up — of the Bhopal site and Dow Chemicals, which bought Union Carbide in 1999, has offered to be part of the process, including making substantial financial contributions. Since the department of chemicals is a plaintiff in an MP district court case where the demand is that Dow should pay Rs 100 crore for the clean-up, the question before the government is this: should it let the issue of Dow investing in India get horribly complicated by taking time and pushing files over the chemical company’s legal liabilities, or should it sort out the issue quickly? The only victim in the case of a quick decision will be various departments’ efforts to look good. What needs to be remembered here is that the issue here is not of fixing criminal responsibility. Were that the case, no negotiations or offers would have mattered. The government wants Dow to pay, Dow is willing to pay, a respected Indian industrial house is willing to lead the process. So who gains if the department of chemicals insists that the court case must be the only way to sort out how much money Dow puts in? Arguments about corporate 10 25 Years After Bhopal Gas Disaster malfeasance don’t apply here. And when they did — the time when the tragedy happened — the government didn’t seem to care. Bhopal’s victims paid. They are still paying. Indian Express/Delhi/ 02/01/07 984 Bhopal survivors say Ratan Tata antinational NEW DELHI, JANUARY 3: Leaders of four organisations of survivors of the December 1984 Union Carbide disaster in Bhopal have condemned Tata Group Chairman Ratan Tata’s offer to clear the path for DowUnion Carbide’s investments in India by leading an effort to pay for and clean up Union Carbide’s toxic was te in Bhopal. Displaying a poster of Ratan Tata with a garland of shoes around his neck they called him an anti-national element, who was causing damage to the people and environment by facilitating the expansion of US multinational Dow Chemical in this country. They appealed to Bhopal survivors to boycott Tata’s salt as a mark of protest, and have launched a national boycott campaign. The leaders emphasised that Dow Chemical took over the environme ntal liabilities of Bhopal when it became the 100% owner of Union Carbide in 2001. They said according to the â€Å"polluter pays principle†, which is valid in the US and India, Dow/Union Carbide must pay for the clean up in Bhopal. Indian Express/ Delhi/ 04/0 1/2007 Bhopal Gas tragedy: SC asks MP govt to furnish response to panel’s report NEW DELHI, JANUARY 24: The Supreme Court today asked the Madhya Pradesh Government to furnish its response to the monitoring committee’s report on whether medical facilities were inadequate for the victims of the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy, as noted by the committee appointed to ensure timely and adequate medicare facilities to the victims. The response will be filed within six weeks, said the Bench of Justices CK Thakker and Lokeshwar Singh Panta, who also directed the court appointed advisory committee to file its report within six weeks. The directions were issued on the PIL alleging gross neglect of the victims by the authorities in extending proper medicare and treatment facilities. PS Narasimha, counsel appearing for one of the NGOs complained that while the monitoring committee has been meeting regularly and performing its duties, the advisory committee constituted with eminent personalities has not been functional for the past two years. In compliance with the SC’s directions, the State Government on August 17, 2004 had constituted the two committees. According to the terms of references, while the monitoring committee was entrusted with the task of ensuring timely, efficient and effective medicare facilities to the victims, the advisory committee was to examine the treatment practices adopted by the Government and suggest proper measures to overcome the loopholes. It was directed to submit its report to the apex court after every six months. However, the counsel informed how the advisory committee had not been meeting for the past two years and was also not submitting its report to the apex court as directed. After the tragedy in 1984, three of the NGOs fighting for the victims had in January 1998, filed a petition in the apex court alleging that on an average 10 to 15 people were dying every month in the state on account of the after effects of the tragedy. It was pointed out that there was severe shortage of medicines and medical facilities, which was aggravating the problem. Besides, the fifth report of the monitoring committee which remarked about the â€Å"woeful† performance of the State Government in extending proper medicare to the victims, was also placed on record. Indian Express/Delhi/ 25/01/07 Rs 3 cr to be earmarked for gas-hit cancer patients Bhopal, Feb 3: The fund amounting to Rs 70 lakh earmarked for the medical treatment of the cancer patients of Bhopal gas tragedy will be increased to more than four folds ie Rs three crore in the next financial year. Similarly, the hospitals of the gas relief department would keep on providing medical facilities on chargeable basis to the non gas affected patients on humanitarian ground. The aforesaid information was given during the meeting of the departmental advisory committee of the gas relief department. The minister for gas tragedy relief and rehabilitation Babulal Gaur presided over the meeting. The members of the committee MLAs Bhaktapal Singh, Phoolsingh Mewada, Principal Secretary Gas Relief MM Upadhyaya, Director Gas Relief MK Varshney and several officers were present on the occasion. Moreover, it has been decided in the meeting to pursue the case strongly with the union government regarding announcement of the remaining 20 wards of Bhopal as the gas affected and distribution of the relief amount. A demand of Rs 763 crore has been placed before the union government for these wards. Gaur informed that the high power committee constituted 11 25 Years After Bhopal Gas Disaster for the gas affected has already consider the remaining 20 wards as the gas affected in principal. The union minister for human resources development Arjun Singh is the chairperson of the committee. It may be recalled that a proposal was passed by the state assembly and sent to the union government for its clearance. The CMO of the gas relief department Dr DP Agrawal informed that an amount of Rs. six crore 15 lakh has been spent for the free medical treatment of the gas affected cancer patients so far. And a provision of Rs hree crore is t being made in the next financial years budget. Further, a proposal of Rs two crore is being sent to the union government as per the recommendations made by the Indian council of medical research and renowned scientists of the country to set up 24 research projects regarding scientific study of disastrous effect of gas on the health of the people. Of these seven projects namely respiratory system, ophthalmology, mental diseases, epidemiological study, cyrogemetic, cancer and immunology have al ready been started. Moreover, Rs 90 lakh have been spent on the study of chemical waste and its collection so far. Out of which Rs ten lakh each have been paid to the IICT, NEERI and NGRI apart from Rs 60 lakh to MP pollution control board. Central Chronicle / Bhopal 04/02/07 Toxic legacy Ratan Tatas offer to help find funds to remove the toxic waste in UCCs Bhopal plant is inconsistent with the `polluter pays principle. V. VENKATESAN THE `polluter pays principle, which is a basic part of environmental law, requires that polluters bear the remedial or clean-up costs of the damage they cause o the environment and the expenditure of compensating the victims of the pollution. In the case of the victims of the 1984 Bhopal gas disaster, the polluter, Union Carbide Corporation (UCC), may claim that it fulfilled the second part of this principle, that is, payment of compensation to the victims through the settlement with the Gove rnment of India, approved by the Supreme Court. But the question of fixing the li ability for the remediation of the toxic waste left behind by its subsidiary Union Carbide India Ltd. UCIL), which ran the abandoned pesticide plant in Bhopal, continues to be intractable. Tata Group chairman Ratan Tata, according to a report carried in The Indian Express on January 1, has offered, in a letter to Planning Commission Deputy Chairman Msontek Singh Ahluwalia, to take the lead in finding the funds for remediation of the Bhopal site, above and below ground. Rata Tata has apparently made this offer to enable Dow Chemicals Co. the company that inherited in 1999 UCCs assets and liabilities to invest in India without getting bogged down in UCCs liabilities with regard to the clean-up. The Union Ministry of Chemicals Fertilizers has urged the Madhya Pradesh High Court to direct Dow to deposit Rs. 100 crores with the government for the remediation of the site. Dow is reluctant to invest in India or consider joint ventures with Indian companies until the government absolves the company of this liability. Survivors of the disaster, therefore, consider Ratan Tatas offer a mockery of the `polluter pays principle. Earlier, in his letter to Finance Minister P. Chidambaram on July 10, 2006, Ratan Tata, according to a press release issued by the Tata Groups spokesperson on January 17, made a similar suggestion. In the letter, Tata urged that remediation of the gas tragedy site be considered because of the likelihood of contamination of the soil and groundwater in the area, which would endanger the health and lives of the people of Bhopal. He suggested that one way forward might be to establish a fund for the remediation of the site. Should the government and the courts endorse such a line of action, an effort could be made to bring [together] likeminded corporate houses to contribute to such a fund. These suggestions are totally independent of the issues being addressed in the courts, he noted in his letter. In June 2005, under orders from the Madhya Pradesh High Court in a petition filed under a public interest litigation (PIL), the Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board (MPPCB) initiated the process of removing the toxic waste from the plant site (Frontline, July 15, 2005). The effort was discontinued after the High Court constituted a task force to assess the magnitude of the problem. The task force set up a technical subcommittee (TSC) to suggest steps that could be taken to dispose of the waste that is lying above ground and that has been excavated from a number of sites within the UCIL factory grounds. The TSC includes the Chairman of the MPPCB, P. D. Meena; Senior Scientist of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), D. D. Basu; Director Grade Scientist of the National Environment Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Tapan Chakrabarty; Deputy Director of the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, A. Krishna Reddy; and Head of the Environment Management Division, Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), K. P. Nyati. The TSC has two co-opted members, in compliance with the High Court. They are the 12 25 Years After Bhopal Gas Disaster renowned scientists P. M. Bhargava of the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, and J. P. Gupta, Director-General, Gujarat Energy Research and Management Institute. The mandate of the TSC is to give clear recommendations for the safe removal and disposal of the stored toxic waste. The TSC has so far met twice. In its first meeting, held at the CPCB, Delhi, on July 10, 2006, Bhargava suggested that the first option should be to apply the `polluter pays principle, and hence Dow Chemicals Co. should undertake the disposal of the waste. Dow Chemicals Co. , he said, must take responsibility for and bear the cost of its removal from UCIL, Bhopal, and its safe disposal in a suitable manner. He stated that the entire process and the treatments discussed by the TSC should be considered the second option. The TSC agreed to this suggestion and decided that it should be placed before the task force for consideration (according to the minutes of the TSC meeting accessed by Frontline). In its second meeting, held on August 26, 2006, the TSC unanimously recommended that the government should ask Dow Chemicals Co. to take all the waste out of the country (in such a manner that no one is submitted to any health hazards and all legitimate environmental concerns are addressed) for disposal at their expense. This, he TSC felt, would be the only fair, ethical, proper, legal and desirable way of taking care of a problem, for the following reasons: * This step would be compatible with the universally accepted principle that in such cases the responsibility for waste disposal must lie with those who generate the waste.